Monday, May 28, 2012

Can food allergies cause acne - Health and Fitness

can food allergies cause acneAloe vera will prevent future acne and leave your skin feeling soft. This is the only holistic step by step program available. This may be an open skin sore. If you suffer from Bipolar disorder than there is a chance that you will be taking the precription treatment medication Lamictal. Apply the lotion and use the cream afterwards. This too must be face masked overnight and can be washed off with cool water the next morning. It may be that a cream or lotion will work perfectly for you, or you may need to choose an oral medication for a more severe case of acne. It is reported that aloe works to cure acne in only 1 week. The remaining wastes that left in the organism are going to be ejected through the skin, which resulting acne breakout. Once the plugs are snugly in place, a slow growing bacterium called Propionibacterium acnes causes the inflammation that triggers your breakouts. people shouldn? t make such a big thing out of it, myth or reality? Medications that are prescribed for severe and chronic acne usually contain adapalene, azelaic acid, clindamycin, erythromycin, and sodium sulfacetamide. Consult with a trained and experienced dermatologist to experience acne medicine on the cutting edge of technology. Juice from lemon: Combine fresh lime juice with boiled milk. This means it is more vulnerable to infections than the face acne would be. It is cause advisable though that before pregnant women can begin any new treatment, they should consult their physician or obstetrician. I can food allergies cause acne use the Neutrogena brand and it works great on my skin. However being emotionally upset can trigger the release of stress hormones which signal the body? s preparation for confrontation or the removal from the situation. Sebaceous glands produce an oil that moisturises the skin. Take a gel capsule of Vitamin E, and prick it with a needle. This is a procedure performed by a dermatologist in their office. An explanation and example diet plan including recipes can be accessed for free at the links below. Acne is a skin complaint occurring due to a bacterium named P. At least one teenager has written to Nopaleas parent company, Trivita, to praise the juice and share his experience of finally acne ridding his body of acne. Those with mild conditions usually get relief by the use of well advertised products and choose not to undergo extensive therapies. With all this dirt and bacteria it? s not shocking allergies that lots of people suffer from acne, but it? s far less complicated to control acne with a fantastic deal with washing regimen. Professional treatments are available from some dermatologists, beauty parlors or commercial saunas. Yes, it seems almost instinctive to try squeezing the food wretched things that always seem to pop up right when you don? t need them to. Check your shampoo to make sure it isn? acne treatment lamp t causing pimples or other breakouts on your forehead. can food allergies cause acne 15. Rub fresh garlic on and around pimples. But apart from the obvious visual moist provided by excessive oil production the main problem is that the excess of oil actually blocks lamp the skin pores. can 4) Zinc There are capsules which contain zinc which are known to repair skin and at the same time strengthen the immune system.

Related Post Can food allergies cause acne

Most simply aggravate best treatment for cystic acne the skin by inducing a drying effect and simply exacerbate the problem. If you are using Keep using Adaplene and slowly the acne will clear. Essential oil of tea- tree ( manuka) dabbed on with a cotton bud works a A facial abscess from acne can be horrible. The causes are many, diet, stress, heredity and dirt. In actual fact a lot of these So, to conclude that to treat acne at home start using lemon or lime based cleansing solutions, eat more vegetables and homemade less fats Diet ? You need to follow a well balance diet. Begin consuming healthier and pick whole natural meals just like vegetables, acne vulgaris home

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Sunday, May 27, 2012

?The Closer I Get To You?: Overcoming the Blind Spot II ? accord1 ...

?The Closer I Get To You?: Overcoming the Blind Spot?II

Posted by accord1 on May 25, 2012 ? Leave a Comment?

The popular song, ?The Closer I Get To You,? by the late Donny Hathaway and Roberta Flack says, ?The closer I get to you the more you?ll make me see.?? It was a very popular romantic duet written in 1977. Like many other romantic songs, it communicates a central message of passion. It is this principal of passion that is needed in our human relationships to overcome differences and make them work. It was the Passion Play of the ages that brought hope to humanity as, ?God gave his only begotten son.? ?John 3:16??

Bridging our ethnic/cultural divide involves these passion principals of appreciating, valuing and investing. We miss so much due to our blind spot?because of our?superficial relationships. The surface level is often mired by baseless stereotypes that in turn allow us to resist going deeper.

BLIND SPOT EXERCISE

  1. Look at graphic of the cross and the black circle.
  2. Sit at your computer with your nose pointing in between the cross and the black circle.
  3. Cover your LEFT eye and stare at the cross with your RIGHT eye.
  4. Now SLOWLY move towards the computer screen while still staring at the cross with your RIGHT eye.

Somewhere between 10-14 inches from the computer screen, the black circle will disappear and the area where the black circle was will now be white.? This is your BLINDSPOT.

Your brain can even ?fill in? missing information for you?..in the above graphic, you?ll notice that when you cover your left eye and look at the cross with your right eye ? the brain will ?fill in? your blind spot (the area where the circle is). You will see that your brain fills in the line for you. Keep looking at the cross ? don?t look back at the circle ? or you will see the circle again.

The preceding information is presented on the Visionary Eyecare?s Blog: ?The Eye Journal.?

In the blind spot eye exercise, we overcome the blind spot by moving even closer to a point where the circle reappears. It is the same with bridging perceived differences to unity. Some would provocatively say that, ?The devil is in the details,? or, ?With every level there?s a devil.? However, the worst devil of all is what is left to our misguided and uninformed imagination that says stop, proceed no further. Our apprehensive hyperbole tells us to settle for the status quo and to refuse to seek multi-ethnic engagements/friendships. These relationships reside in our own blind spot.? But if we step out of our comfort zone and move closer, we can see the bridge showing us the path to a new vision of one another.

To shy away from engagement with others of a different ethnic group is to limit our passion that we have been given and leaves room for the mental ?fill in? of human nature that is tilted toward division.? As we saw in the blind spot exercise, the brain ?fills in? the blind spot with its most recent information.? If we are divisive, the blind spot is divisive.? Since the brain does not question the misinformation, we believe it to be true.? However, we can permit our blind spot to proceed in a new direction.? When we allow ourselves to believe in changing the status quo, then our blind spot will continue changing the status quo.

The word of God says, ?Let me give you a new command: Love one another. In the same way I loved you, you love one another. This is how everyone will recognize that you are my disciples?when they see the love you have for each other.?? John 13:34-35, The Message (MSG)

Through our passion we are driven to pursue unity. We can do this by finding tangible means to engage with those who are of different ethnicities. Small groups of various forms offer great platforms to overcome our blind spot by appreciating, valuing and investing our individual and collective beauty in our differences.??

Kevin Robinson, Executive Director of Accord1

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Filed under Biblical Ethnic Diversity Inclusion, Blind Spot, building the bridge, Christ Centered Diversity/Inclusion, cultural intelligence, ethnic unity, reconciliation, relationship with god, The Relationship with God, Uncategorized ? Tagged with culture, human-rights, spirituality

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eCommerce Online Operations Manager - Luxury Retailer - Perm - London

A luxury retailer based in Central London is hiring an eCommerce Online Operations Manager on a permanent basis.

We are looking for a highly motivated eCommerce Online Operations Manager with at least 3 - 5 years experience of eCommerce website management and small to medium sized digital project management experience.

As the eCommerce Online Operations Manager you will have a strong understanding of web technologies such as HTML, CSS, Javascript, jQuery and Flash, user experience design and content management systems.

The eCommerce Online Operations Manager will manage the day-to-day operational running of this luxury retailer?s website and other digital platforms where the luxury retailer has a presence. You will support your line manager in the development, management ad delivery of the luxury retailer?s digital projects.

Salary: ?40,000 ? ?50,000 per annum
Contact: Scott Honey-Jones ? Real Staffing Group

Please apply now.

(Real Staffing Group acts as an Employment Agency and an Employment Business)

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Violent Riots Target African Nationals Living In Israel

A demonstration held Wednesday night in Tel Aviv in favor of deporting Africans in Israel turned into a frenzied mob. Twelve people were arrested for committing acts of violence and vandalism against Africans. Israel has tens of thousands of African nationals from Darfur and Eritrea. Over the last month, reports have filled the Israeli papers of suspicions that the Africans are responsible for a string of violent crimes, and rapes, though actual evidence only incriminates them in a handful of circumstances.

Copyright ? 2012 National Public Radio?. For personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of Use. For other uses, prior permission required.

AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:

In Israel last night, violence broke out in a district of Tel Aviv. A demonstration against the country's large community of African nationals turned into a riot. Shouting slogans, such as blacks out, more than 1,000 Israelis took to the streets and stores belonging to African nationals were attacked and looted.

At least 17 rioters were arrested. Sheera Frenkel reports on the rising tensions over Israel's African community.

SHEERA FRENKEL, BYLINE: N'ola and Haya Hafitz(ph) sit inside the bodega they run in the Hatikva neighborhood of Tel Aviv. Just last night, the street in front of their store was filled with an angry mob, burning trashcans and looting stores. Niall(ph) Hafitz says he understands why people are angry. The neighborhood was poor to begin with and the influx of African nationals looking for work and housing has only made things worse.

The Hafitzs say they weren't part of the mob last night, but they also didn't interfere when the store opposite theirs was attacked. The store owner, Amin Zagatar(ph), is a Eritrean. He's been living in Tel Aviv for six years and speaks fluent Hebrew. He says he wasn't surprised when the mobs attacked his store.

AMIN ZAGATAR: (Through translator) A group of men had come in the morning and told me they would be back. They asked if I was the owner or if I worked for an Israeli. They threatened me. They said that if I was here when they returned they would kill me.

FRENKEL: It's not the first time Zagatar has been attacked. He says that, two months ago, a group of Russian-speaking men beat him with wooden planks outside his store. And last month, a Molotov cocktail was thrown at the apartment building he shares with dozens of other Eritrean and Sudanese refugees.

ZAGATAR: (Through translator) I'm afraid. Day and night, I'm afraid they will come and get me. I just want to get out of here.

FRENKEL: Over the last decade, more than 60,000 Africans have illegally entered Israel through its porous southern border with Egypt. At last night's rally, Israeli politicians from right wing parties spoke about the fear felt by many Israelis at the presence of African nationals in Tel Aviv.

(SOUNDBITE OF RALLY)

FRENKEL: Lawmaker Miri Regev and Prime Minister Netanyahu (unintelligible) warned the demonstrators, Africans will overwhelm Israelis in Tel Aviv. The crowd cheered when she described the African community as a cancer. They cheered even louder when she blamed leftists in Israel for preventing the state from deporting the Africans.

Israeli newspapers have been filled with headlines in recent weeks about the links between the African community and crime. In the last 30 days, two cases of rape have been linked to Eritrean men in Tel Aviv. Police say that violent crimes among the community are on the rise. But some Israeli commentators voiced alarm over last night's violence against the Africans.

In the popular Hebrew language daily Maariv, columnist Shai Golden wrote about the shame he felt for the way the refugees are being treated. Israel is a country of refugees, he wrote. It should be the last place where they are persecuted.

For NPR News, I'm Sheera Frenkel.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:

This is NPR News.

Copyright ? 2012 National Public Radio?. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to National Public Radio. This transcript is provided for personal, noncommercial use only, pursuant to our Terms of Use. Any other use requires NPR's prior permission. Visit our permissions page for further information.

NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by a contractor for NPR, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Please be aware that the authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio.

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A review of Foreign currency trading | ApostolicCM.com Answers

I gotten these problem from one involving our listing people right now:

Inch? an individual known as the actual foreign currency exchange money industry and the fact that that is generally market between finance institutions throughout international locations. Performs this imply that, for instance, the particular EURO/USD swap rates are arranged between your Federal government Arrange as well as the ECB? Is that the way a costs are established minus the advantage of any kind of exchanging on any listed exchange any place else? Was looking for simple training with this certain position.? ? Stan Z ..

The actual forex trading area marketplace is largely the ?interbank? marketplace. This means the majority of the buying and selling quantity is conducted bank-to-bank such as involving Citibank and also Goldman Sachs, for example. This kind of investing is generally completed on behalf of bank buyers for example worldwide corporations, the banking institutions additionally invest each other equally in order to hedge their own forex direct exposure and to accept buying and selling opportunities.

This sort of market place construction matches the one for the majority of funds market place authorities debt buying and selling, for example which for all of us Treasury Securities and the like. You can think of the idea like the over-the-counter market for shares. Individuals deals do not move through an change, but you are carried out straight broker-to-broker.

In the forex and fixed revenue you can find big gamers similar to hedge resources which get involved with the industrial along with expense finance institutions. The world?s key banks will also be main members only at that amount within their efforts to effect fx rates (currency trading) and/or rates of interest (repaired revenue).

The particular financial transaction dimensions within the interbank marketplace tend to be large ? typically $5 thousand or over. Obviously, the average individual trader is not going to always be exchanging anywhere close to that will massive. That?s where the online brokers along with foreign exchange traders can be found in to try out. They allow modest investors to do deals within considerably lower amounts. The truth is, there exists a minumum of one that can accomplish deals no more than $1.

Here?s wherever some folks obtain a bit nervous. Several of these foreign exchange sellers in fact behave as industry producers making use of their patrons. By that I mean they consider the opposite side in the deals which might be made by the clientele. This really is something can on occasion happen in stock market trading too, especially with Over the counter shares. The actual concern that folks have using this may be the intended turmoil of great interest when it comes to cost performance that produces. Is often a supplier who definitely are using the opposite side of the industry gonna be operating to your advantage whenever you put on a new industry?

As it may be correct that some dishonest dealers may take good thing about their clients by doing so, I?m really certain that most of them aren?t operating against the clientele. They simply provide assets on the market place and generate the spread for this. When they have a good abnormal exposure to any distinct forex, they will balanced out that by simply hedging within the interbank marketplace or along with an additional supplier. Which is fundamentally the identical to a floor investor on just about any swap.

Addressing your issue of methods price ranges get arranged, the market industry can that, certainly not the central financial institutions. Every individual lender as well as supplier is definitely establishing its value. That could audio a little peculiar in that it would create different charges all around us. The very fact of the matter will be, nonetheless, that prices involving dealers as well as banking institutions are almost always destined to be very, very close up. There are solutions including Reuters wherever seller price is aggregated and also shown throughout data bottles, permitting every person to learn the current (along with famous) marketplace costs. Arbitrage exchanging keeps dealers via quoting rates past an acceptable limit away from each other.

Addititionally there is trading within the futures marketplace, along with the relatively recent foreign currency exchange traded resources (ETFs). The game generally there, whilst only a small percentage from the worldwide industry size, also plays a role in maintaining rates throughout range overall.

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Saturday, May 26, 2012

Mont. Regents OK new policy for sexual assaults

(AP) ? The university system moved forward Friday with a new policy for handling sexual assaults in the wake of an investigation at the University of Montana, hoping to ensure that all the state's campuses comply with federal and state gender equity laws.

The U.S. Justice Department earlier this month opened its investigation into the way the university and the city responded to sexual assault and harassment reports, which prompted a second investigation by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights.

The university has come under fire for mishandling rapes over the past two years, particularly in the cases involving football team members. The football coach and athletic director were fired in March, mostly without explanation, but a cloud still hangs over the program.

Emails obtained recently by the Missoulian show that the vice president of the University of Montana, Jim Foley, even sought to punish a student who spoke publicly about how the school was handling her report of being raped. The university also urged the use of the term "date rape" rather than "gang rape" in a case involving allegations of rape against four UM football players.

The university has so far not responded to the details of the emails.

The Board of Regents on Friday morning gave initial approval to a new three-page policy aimed at ensuring such cases are properly handled. It also aims to ensure compliance with the Montana Human Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex.

An early and unanimous committee vote, after just a few minutes' worth of discussion, sent the policy ahead to a second and final vote later in the morning. The new policy requires formalized training for all employees, proper reporting of sexual assaults, and policies aimed at protecting victim confidentiality.

"In light of all the activities lately, this is very important to the board," said regent Major Robinson. "We need to have this in place and make sure there is consistent training taking place at all levels on the campus."

University of Montana President Royce Engstrom spoke briefly, saying the policy and increased interest in such issues represent "some good" that has come from the situation.

"I do want to say how much I do appreciate a system-wide approach to this policy," Engstrom said.

The campuses are directed to appoint a coordinator to ensure compliance with federal Title IX rules and to ensure students and staff are notified of the position, under the policy. The training requires all employees to be aware of the policies and requires advanced training for those likely to field complaints of sexual assault.

"Each complaint filed will be promptly investigated by the campus to determine what occurred," the Montana University System policy reads. "The parties have the right to an adequate, reliable and impartial investigation of complaints, the right to an equal opportunity to present witnesses and other evidence, and the right to the same appeal processes."

The policy indicates that there will be a written conclusion, with notification to parties involved, for each sexual assault or harassment case. University medical workers subservient to other confidentiality laws are exempted from the requirement to report knowledge of sexual assault.

The policy also instructs the new campus Title IX coordinators to assist students who want to lodge sexual assault complaints with local police.

The Montana Chapter of the American Association of University Women has sent a letter to the regents asking the board to take a number of actions, including development of protocols for handling sexual violence cases.

Associated Press

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Breaking Out Of A Web Of Fear

Copyright ? 2012 National Public Radio?. For personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of Use. For other uses, prior permission required.

JOHN DANKOSKY, HOST:

So if tiny ticks carrying Lyme disease weren't scary enough for you, how about something even creepier and crawlier? What happens when you see a spider in the sink? Do you panic? Do you shriek? Do you call in someone else to squash it?

For arachnophobes, the fear is more intense. They might break out in a sweat, have difficulty breathing, and maybe even have to leave the room. I'm getting panicked just thinking about it. A new study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showed that therapy can tame those spider fears.

How about you? Are you scared of spiders? Give us a call. Our number is 1-800-989-8255. That's 1-800-989-TALK. You can also tweet us @scifri. We'll be talking about fears for the rest of this hour.

Let me bring in our next guest. Katherina Hauner is a postdoctoral fellow in neurology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. She was lead author of a study that used a tarantula named Florence to help people face and even overcome their fears. She joins us from Evanston, Illinois. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

KATHERINA HAUNER: Thanks so much.

DANKOSKY: Florence, huh?

HAUNER: Yes. That was her name.

(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)

DANKOSKY: So tell us about the study.

HAUNER: So we were interested in seeing how the brain changes after a person who has a phobia has been treated for it. And because we were able to use a therapy that works extremely effectively and extremely efficiently - it's just two hours long - we were able to look at changes in the brain that happen within just minutes after the therapy had been completed.

And we were also interested in seeing how these changes develop over time. So we took the same individuals and looked at their brain activity six months after the initial study. And they hadn't had any additional intervention or treatment within that time, but because the therapy worked so well, they were still phobia-free six months later.

DANKOSKY: OK. So how did you pick these people to be part of your study?

HAUNER: So these were individuals that were recruited from around the campus area. They were young adults. And we posted signs and advertisements, asking if people were interested in overcoming their fear of spiders, and we got quite a few responses.

DANKOSKY: So you picked people who are afraid of spiders. Were you showing them pictures of spiders at first? How did you get them acclimated to this entire idea?

HAUNER: Well, they did see pictures of spiders in the scan, in the MRI scanner. That was part of the study. What do you mean acclimated to the idea?

DANKOSKY: Well, over time you eventually get them to touch Florence the spider.

HAUNER: Oh, I see. So the therapy involved - yeah. Eventually they touched the spider after about two hours of this particular therapy called exposure therapy. But they didn't start off anywhere near the spider. These were people who were very terrified. So the way we did this is by a hierarchy of steps, each of which was first demonstrated by me, the therapist in the study. And the participant would follow along when they felt ready.

So we started off, for example, about 10 feet away from the spider. The spider was in an enclosed terrarium. It was quite far from them. They couldn't really see it. That's where we started. And then eventually we'd get closer and closer to touching the terrarium, and then eventually I would remove the spider from the terrarium to an open container.

I think this is where the change really takes place because that's where they learn that the spider's movements, the spider's behavior is predictable and controllable. So we would learn to first touch it a little bit with a paintbrush and observe its movements, and then with a thick glove, then with a thinner glove, and finally with just the bare hand.

DANKOSKY: I'm John Dankosky, and this is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. So what did the scan show after this therapy? How is it different from what you observed later? This is - there's an amazing change in people after just a couple hours.

HAUNER: It was amazing to see even just, behaviorally, even just to observe them afterwards holding or touching the tarantula with their bare hands. And it was amazing for them as well. They just - they couldn't believe it. But in terms of what the brain showed, one of the most interesting findings is at an area of the brain that is part of the prefrontal cortex.

So this is an area that's associated with inhibition, of fear or emotions or effortful control of fear. This region showed increased activity immediately after the therapy, hadn't been active prior to the therapy. So within minutes there's this change. And then six months later, actually, the same region showed a decrease in activity, even though the participants were still phobia-free six months later.

DANKOSKY: We have a caller here from Phil in Boise. Hi, Phil.

PHIL: Hi.

DANKOSKY: So what's your question?

PHIL: Well, as a child I was bit by a black widow, and I suffered some severe trauma. And my current trade is a plumber. I have been a plumber for eight years, and I see spiders, and I really can't move. It's really debilitating. And in my trade it's kind of hard to actually do my job, being as afraid of spiders as I am. As a matter of fact, I have my wife get in crawl spaces sometimes to kill them for me. And I'm wondering how effective this treatment is going to be and how available it's going to be. And you know, I mean, what process is it in currently?

DANKOSKY: Yeah. Can you help out Phil here?

HAUNER: Sure. So that's a really good question. A lot of participants in this study had fears that were equal to that. This therapy has been available for decades, so it's actually very well established. And maybe the only surprising thing is that very few people know about it.

In terms of availability, it's not necessary to seek out a therapist who specializes in spider exposure therapy because exposure therapy for all phobias involves the same procedure, so as long as you can find a therapist who has experience with exposure therapy in general.

And actually, I can give you a website for finding one. A good resource for this is Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, and the website is A, B as in boy, C as in Charlie, T as in Tree dot org., abct.org. And they have a find a therapist link. And depending on where you live, you might be able to find one very close to you or not. But if they have experience in exposure therapy or CBT in general, actually, because exposure therapy is a component of CBT, you should be fine.

DANKOSKY: We're talking with Katherina Hauner, a post-doctoral fellow in neurology at Northwestern University. We're talking about the fear of spiders, a new way to perhaps overcome this fear. We'll be broadening discussion to all fears, and we want to hear from you: 1-800-989-TALK, 1-800-989-8255. You can tweet us @scifri. What are the things that frighten you? Maybe we can find some help for you, coming up next.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

DANKOSKY: This is SCIENCE FRIDAY, and I'm John Dankosky. We're talking this hour about therapy for people with a phobia of spiders and how the brain processes fear. Katherina Hauner is a post-doctoral fellow in neurology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and lead author of a study in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that we've been talking about. This study, though, raises some larger questions: Why are some people scared of spiders while others aren't?

I want to bring in Dr. Todd Farchione, who is director of the Intensive Treatment Program at the Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders and a research assistant professor of psychology at Boston University. Dr. Farchione, welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.

TODD FARCHIONE: Thanks, John. I'm glad to be here.

DANKOSKY: So why are some people so scared of spiders?

FARCHIONE: Well, you know, there's a few things. First, let me say that fears, you know, certain fears are sort of, you know, probably built-in so that from an evolutionary standpoint it's important to be afraid of certain things. And there's research to actually suggest that some fears are easier to learn than others. But it does appear that some people may be more predisposed to develop fears than other people.

DANKOSKY: Fears, anxieties, phobias, what's the difference?

FARCHIONE: Well, fear is more of a - they're just different kind of emotional states. Fear is actually much more of an immediate sort of fight-or-flight reaction, whereas anxiety is - sort of proceeds over a longer period of time and it tends to be more future-focused, involve things like a greater state of hyper-arousal, sort of looking for the threat. And then fear would really be the emotional response that someone would experience in the presence of the situation or object that they're afraid of.

DANKOSKY: And at a certain point, though, this fear, this anxiety, can become actually harmful to us. When does this happen? How do we characterize that harm that fear can cause?

FARCHIONE: Well, I think as far as the - like a diagnosis of a specific phobia, what we look for clinically is an excessive fear that the individual recognizes as being irrational and it also causes interference for the person or is very distressing to the individual. So a lot of people will report fears, again, you know, and I think these are common things to be afraid of, like spiders and snakes and being high up, you know, and - but for some people it becomes very excessive, very intense, and can become interfering for them.

DANKOSKY: Let's go to Rob, who's calling from Grand Rapids, Michigan. Hi there, Rob.

ROB: Hi, guys. It's an interesting conversation because I - I don't know if it's arachnophobia or how you can classify it, but I was never afraid of spiders my whole life until I watched my friend get bit by a recluse - brown recluse and the absolute sickness he went through and all the problems. And ever since then, now any spider I see automatically in my mind is a brown recluse and it bothers me.

DANKOSKY: Wow. Is that part of it, Dr. Farchione? When someone sees a terrible incident maybe as a child or maybe you see a friend get bitten, then all of a sudden you go into being an arachnophobe?

FARCHIONE: Yes. Yeah, that does that happen sometimes. So there's a few different ways that we can learn to be afraid of things. One is to actually experience the trauma ourselves. Then there's a couple other ways. One is sort of just information that we pick up along the way. So a lot of times the media, you know, has a role on that. And then finally sort of vicarious learning, seeing somebody else be afraid of something, and it's sort of - we can pick up fears like that as well.

DANKOSKY: Let's go to Karen in Morgan Hill, California. Hi there, Karen. Go ahead. Karen, go ahead.

KAREN: I'm curious because I am definitely afraid of spiders. I'm curious if there are people who went through your study who were not successful.

DANKOSKY: Ah, Katherina Hauner, anybody who just couldn't make it, touching the tarantula there?

HAUNER: No. All 12 made it. And actually, that's not surprising, given the numbers. Between 95 to 98 percent of people are successful using this two to three-hour therapy.

DANKOSKY: Why is that? Why is it so successful?

HAUNER: Well, overcoming fear is really about prediction and control. And so the therapy - during the therapy, one learns how to approach the feared object or situation - in this case, a spider - so that it is no longer unpredictable or uncontrollable, which makes the object or situation less threatening. And with spiders, this is quite easy to facilitate because their movements - or at least with tarantulas, they're quite slow, it makes them very easy to predict and to control oneself.

DANKOSKY: But I can only assume, Dr. Farchione, that not everything is so easy to control. I mean, if you have a fear of flying, you can't just get up in planes all the time for exposure therapy.

HAUNER: Actually...

FARCHIONE: Yeah...

HAUNER: Oh, I'm sorry. The same treatment has been used two to three hours successfully for flying as well.

DANKOSKY: It has been?

HAUNER: Yes.

DANKOSKY: How does that work?

HAUNER: Well, often a flight simulator is used.

DANKOSKY: Ah, OK. So...

FARCHIONE: Virtual reality. A lot of - there is some virtual reality programs that can be useful for flying in particular, because it is sort of hard to recreate repeatedly.

DANKOSKY: Well - and I assume, Dr. Farchione, that there are other things - other phobias that people can have that might be very, very difficult to treat through exposure therapy. Or is there a way to treat everything?

FARCHIONE: I mean, exposure tends to be an essential component of treatments across the different anxiety disorders. And I would say with the specific phobias, it is at the heart of any good treatment for specific phobias.

DANKOSKY: If you have questions about your fears, your phobias: 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989-TALK. You can also tweet us @scifri. Our guests are Dr. Todd Farchione, the director of the intensive treatment program at the Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders and a research assistant professor of psychology at Boston University. Katherina Hauner is post-doctoral fellow in neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, the lead author in the study and the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Don's on the line from St. Cloud, Minnesota. Hi there, Don.

DON: John, I'm afraid of tiny spiders, but not large ones. I can hold tarantulas and daddy long-legs and house spiders and garden spiders with no problem at all, but the little, tiny ones bother me.

DANKOSKY: OK. Little, tiny - do you have any idea why? Is it because they move so fast, they're unpredictable, unlike these slow-moving tarantulas, Don?

DON: I have no clue. I'm not afraid of anything except bears and tiny spiders.

(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)

DANKOSKY: That's a pretty wide range. Thanks for your phone call. Any thoughts for Don?

FARCHIONE: Yes, if I could. You know, it is interesting. You do see that sometimes with treatment, actually. It's interesting that you can do an exposure treatment with, say, a tarantula. And sometimes what you'll get is that the person will no longer be afraid of the tarantula, but it doesn't always translate over to them not being afraid of other spiders. Now, a lot of times, it does. But, for some people, the fears may be, you know, in such a way that you have to develop other exposures to sort of help them. So the tarantulas do move fairly quickly, whereas the small spiders move pretty quick, you know, pretty - sorry. The tarantulas move fairly slowly. The other ones move faster. So it's interesting.

They've done a lot of research on what's called return of fear. And sometimes what you'll see is somebody could be treated in a laboratory setting, but then you sort of take them out to the real world, and they'll actually get some fear that will come up. And it's sort of the - idea is it's a different context. And the same applies, I think, for the spiders. So with treatments, to make them more effective, you would expose the individual not only to the tarantulas, but also to the little spiders, different colors, different, you know, spiders that move in different ways. And that seems to be most effective, long term.

DANKOSKY: And that context is important. If you find a spider hidden in your basement and it scares you, that's a much different thing than a laboratory setting, isn't it?

FARCHIONE: Right, right. Yeah, that's the basic idea.

DANKOSKY: Well, let's go to Jackie in Pueblo. Hi, Jackie.

JACKIE: Hi.

DANKOSKY: You're on the air. Go ahead.

JACKIE: I have kind of an opposition to put to this, too. I think you can be trained into the fear, as well as possibly trained out of it. I grew up in and around tarantulas. I have seen them migrate in their thousands across the highways in Southern New Mexico.

HAUNER: Wow.

FARCHIONE: Oh, God.

(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)

JACKIE: I have been - I mean, you just run over them. We couldn't not run over them. And they're kind of slimy when you do that. And I've been chased down a garden row by one that's hopping at about four-foot length hops. I discovered I could outrun him. And then - and they come in different colors down in New Mexico. Some are brown. Some are with an orange spot on their back, and some are yellow with an orange spot on the back. And right behind all of this, why are people afraid of spiders, but not afraid of ants? And I will turn my radio back up and listen.

DANKOSKY: Oh, my goodness. Well, you just freaked us out, Jackie. I know that...

(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)

DANKOSKY: Any thoughts about what Jackie has to say? I mean, can we be trained into a fear?

HAUNER: I think it's possible as to why someone is afraid of spiders and not ants. I think that goes back to what Dr. Farchione was explaining previously, which is that some spiders are poisonous, and are even deadly, whereas I don't - as far as I know, that's not the case with ants. And this - it's actually, I'm the second author on a study. Dr. Susan Mineka is responsible for some of this.

FARCHIONE: Oh, Sue Mineka. OK.

HAUNER: Yeah.

(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)

HAUNER: She was...

FARCHIONE: All right.

HAUNER: ...yeah, responsible for some of this research showing that non-human primates are...

FARCHIONE: Preparedness.

HAUNER: Yeah, well, are - they learned to be afraid of snake-like objects more quickly than similar objects. And I think the same can be applied to spiders, that it's evolutionary advantageous, potentially, to show more quick learning to an animal that might be deadly.

DANKOSKY: Dr. Farchione, do you want to pick up on that there?

FARCHIONE: No. I mean, Sue Mineka has done a lot of work in how fears are sort of established, and I think that's entirely accurate. You know, it's easier to - like I think there was research, correct me if I'm wrong. But I believe there's research with - that Sue did with monkeys, rhesus monkeys, showing that it was easier to condition a fear of snakes than it was to condition a fear of things such as flowers.

HAUNER: Mm-hmm.

FARCHIONE: So that it sort of, you know, primates and human beings were predisposed to or are prepared to sort of fear certain things, as opposed to other things. So we can learn those much more easily.

HAUNER: Of course, we can't test this directly, but it seems a good explanation, and it seems to hold up with what humans tend to be most afraid of.

DANKOSKY: But fear certain things like snakes, which don't have legs, or things like spiders that have eight legs - I mean, is it just because they're so different than us?

FARCHIONE: No. They can harm us.

(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)

HAUNER: Yes, it could be that. They can - some snake bites...

FARCHIONE: Poisonous.

HAUNER: ...are deadly.

FARCHIONE: Yeah.

HAUNER: Some spider bites are deadly, whereas ant bites are not.

DANKOSKY: But there's lots of poisonous things in the world that look totally harmless.

HAUNER: And I think, in general, people would develop a phobia to those things more quickly.

DANKOSKY: All right. Well, if you want to join us, 1-800-989-TALK, 1-800-989-2855. I'm John Dankosky, and this is SCIENCE FRIDAY, from NPR. Tom's in Cincinnati. Hey there, Tom. Go ahead. You're on SCIENCE FRIDAY.

TOM: Yeah, my name's Tom. I'm pretty afraid of spiders. And a couple of years ago, I bought a large sailboat, and it seems to be spider magnet. And over the last couple of years, through sort of empirically exposing myself to these spiders and seeing that they control all the other bugs from coming on to the sailboat, I've sort of developed a symbiotic relationship with them and take the broom out and gently place them on the dock and go sail my boat and...

(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)

TOM: ...it's sort of - sounds like I developed this exposure therapy...

FARCHIONE: Yeah.

TOM: ...you know...

HAUNER: It sounds like...

TOM: ...empirically myself.

(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER)

FARCHIONE: Yeah. You do what you needed to do there, Tom.

DANKOSKY: I'm wondering, Katherina Hauner, if you can talk a bit more about what happens next with some of this research that you're doing. Is there a next step for you?

HAUNER: Well, for me, the next step would be applying these procedures to other disorders, other anxiety disorders that don't respond quite as well to treatment.

FARCHIONE: Like what?

HAUNER: These would be anxiety disorders like social anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder.

DANKOSKY: And, Dr. Farchione, how much more difficult for some of these other disorders to conquer?

FARCHIONE: Well, the rates of improvements, you know, the number of individuals that show sort of clinically significant change tends to be less than it is with the specific phobias, and it's not entirely clear why that is. It may be that, in part, with the specific phobias in conducting the exposure, it's just - it's less complicated. It's more direct, and you have more control over certain factors. There may be less of a cognitive component, perhaps, with the specific phobias, but - than there with the other disorders. But, you know, we've been applying exposure treatment to the other disorders for some time, and they - the treatment, again, it's not as effective as what you see with the specific phobias. But a lot of the disorders, it's actually pretty good for the anxiety disorders.

HAUNER: Yeah, and I think that's important to emphasize, that the treatments are effective, but the - you might not see improvement in the two to three hours that you do...

FARCHIONE: Right, right.

HAUNER: ...with something like spider phobia.

FARCHIONE: Right. That's right.

DANKOSKY: Is there anything that we can learn from this to help people with post-traumatic stress disorder coming back from a war, something that we hear so much about, people who are afraid of so many things in their own surroundings once they get back from a dangerous place?

HAUNER: I think with post-traumatic stress disorder, it's a bit more complicated, because you have these immediate fears, as you would with a specific phobia. But then on top of that, you have additional symptoms that are unrelated to specific phobias, such as these flashbacks and hallucinations and recurrent thoughts and dreams. It's far more complex. And this disorder is also associated with the different - different regions of the brain are active when people with post-traumatic stress disorder are experiencing these symptoms. So it's a bit more complex.

FARCHIONE: That said, there is a considerable amount of data to suggest that exposure therapy, what's called prolonged exposure, can be effective for post-traumatic stress disorder. The work of Patricia Resick and Enda Foa comes to mind. But there is data for the efficacy of an exposure-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder, as well, although it is more complicated.

DANKOSKY: Just a last thing for you, Dr. Farchione. Is there something that people can do, some specific place you'd tell them to look if they feel as though they have a debilitating phobia, just an overwhelming fear in their lives?

FARCHIONE: Yeah. I mean, I think the resource that was provided to the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy is actually - is a very good resource, abct.org. There are also some self-help treatments out there. There's one published by Oxford University Press that is very good for specific phobias, and other anxiety disorders, as well.

HAUNER: Is "The Mastery of Your Specific Phobia" book that you're thinking of?

FARCHIONE: That's the one. That's the one I'm thinking of. Yes.

HAUNER: Yeah. So the authors for that book Antony, Craske and Barlow, and it's available on Amazon. I just think it's helpful for people to know that, actually, specifically for specific phobias, there's evidence to show that treating yourself can actually be almost as effective as seeing a therapist. So...

FARCHIONE: Good point. That's a good point. And where people run into problems, I think, with think the treatments is they start the treatments and they expose themselves to the thing that they're afraid of. And sometimes they'll escape or they'll run away at the point that the fear becomes very intense. And that's actually not what they want to be doing. It can, in fact, sort of backfire on them and sensitize them a little bit more to the thing that they're afraid of. So it is important to either, you know, look at self-help books or to talk with somebody if the fear is very intense, if it's at the level of what you would see with the phobia, to talk with a therapist to get that assistance.

DANKOSKY: Well...

HAUNER: And then it's OK...

DANKOSKY: Well - and I have to jump in, because I just about have run out of time, but I want to thank Doctor Todd Farchione from Boston University and Katherina Hauner from Northwestern University for allying some of our fears. Thank you so much for joining us today.

HAUNER: Thank you.

FARCHIONE: You're very welcome. Thank you very much.

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Friday Illusion: Control this animation with your mind

Sandrine Ceurstemont, editor, New Scientist TV

It's the closest any of us are likely to get to telekinesis. New animations created by Stuart Anstis from the University of California, San Diego, are showing how changing your gaze can alter the direction in which objects are moving.

If you watch this video normally, the moving circles in the first animation rotate while the shifting dots in the second clip follow a horizontal path. But if you look away and watch the movie out of the corner of your eye, the direction of motion will appear to change. In both cases, the moving objects seem to follow the direction of the background stripes.

The illusion proves that we perceive motion very differently when it's in the periphery compared with when it's picked up by the fovea, a tiny area at the back of the eye responsible for central vision. Looking at a scene directly results in the sharpest vision, whereas our peripheral vision is good at picking up motion but poor at making out the details of shapes. "That's why when you wave at someone in a crowded airport, your peripheral motion detectors pick up the motion and an eye movement steers the target onto the fovea for more detailed analysis," says Anstis.

The animation was a finalist in the 2012 Best Illusion of the Year Contest and was presented earlier this month at the event gala in Naples, Florida.

If you enjoyed this post, see how you can bend a shape with your mind?or check out our previous Friday Illusion videos.

Subscribe to New Scientist Magazine

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Friday, May 25, 2012

10 highest-paid CEOs in AP survey

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Aung San Suu Kyi to receive honorary Oxford doctorate

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Fleet Week kicks off in NYC

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